Intro to Encoding & Decoding Ethereum Contract Functions

6 min readOct 15, 2023

In this article, I will briefly explore the Ethereum ABI Specification and show you how to decode contract functions when conducting on-chain data analysis. Additionally, I will demonstrate a simple data extraction and analysis case about “Who are the Top 10 Recipients of USDT approve Functions?” using DuneSQL while handling ABIs.

Argument Types Key Content

Before diving into the Ethereum ABI specification, let’s take a quick look at the argument data types of Ethereum contracts. Ethereum contract functions can have various parameter data types, and among them, I have listed some of the important types and summarize their key characteristics.

1. Elementary Types

uint

Same as uint256,
which means it should be considered as uint256 type during encoding.

int

Same as int256,
which means it should be considered as int256 type during encoding.

bool

Same as uint8,
which means only 0 or 1 can be assigned to it.

bytes{n}

Binary type with a length of n bytes (0 < n ≤ 32)

2. Fixed-size Types

{type_name}[{n}]

An array with n elements (n ≥ 0)

3. Dynamic-size Types

bytes

Binary type with a dynamic length of bytes

string

A dynamically sized string (assuming it’s UTF-8 encoded)

{type_name}[]

An array with a dynamic number of elements

Key Points of Argument Padding to 32 Bytes Rules

When calling Ethereum contract functions, you need to encode each argument and input them concatenated. In this process, there are rules regarding “length.” To avoid confusion, I’ve summarized the key rules for you in advance.

uint{n}

Padding with preceding 0 to achieve a length of 32 bytes

int{n}

Padding with preceding 0 to achieve a length of 32 bytes

bytes{n}

Padding with trailing 0 to achieve a length of 32 bytes

Contract Example

The following example has been taken from Contract ABI Specification Docs. Let me explain this in simpler terms.

Given the Contract:

pragma solidity ^0.4.16;

contract Foo {
  function baz(uint32 x, bool y) public pure returns (bool r) { r = x > 32 || y; }
  function bar(bytes3[2]) public pure {}
  function sam(bytes, bool, uint[]) public pure {}
}

`1. How to Call baz(uint32 x, bool y)`

Let’s say you’re calling the function in the format of: baz(69, true)

Function Selector

baz(uint32,bool) → Keccak-256 Hash

0xcdcd77c0992ec5bbfc459984220f8c45084cc24d9b6efed1fae540db8de801d2

Slice the left 4 bytes.

0xcdcd77c0

Parameter 1: 69

Convert it to hexadecimal.

0x45

Left pad it to a length of 32 bytes.

0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000045

Parameter 2: true

Convert it to uint8.

Left pad it to a length of 32 bytes.

0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001

The Final Encoding with Concatenating All

0xcdcd77c0 # Function Selector
0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000045 # 69
0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 # true

# Concat
0xdcdcd77c000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000450000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001

`2. How to Call bar(bytes3[2])`

Let’s say you’re calling the function in the format of: baz("abc", "def")

Function Selector

bar(bytes3[2]) → Keccak-256 Hash

0xfce353f601a3db60cb33e4b6ef4f91e4465eaf93c292b64fcde1bf4ba6819b6a

Slice the left 4 bytes.

0xfce353f6

Parameter 1: “abc”

Convert it to utf-8 bytes (String to UTF-8 Bytes Convertor)

Right pad it to a length of 32 bytes.

0x6162630000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Parameter 2: “def”

Convert it to utf-8 bytes (String to UTF-8 Bytes Convertor)

Right pad it to a length of 32 bytes.

0x6465660000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

The Final Encoding with Concatenating All

0xfce353f6 # Function Selector
6162630000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 # "abc"
6465660000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 # "def"

# Concat
0xfce353f661626300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006465660000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

`3. How to Call sam(bytes, bool, uint[])`

Let’s say you’re calling the function in the format of: sam(“dave”, true, [1, 2, 3])

Function Selector

sam(bytes,bool,uint256[]) → Keccak-256 Hash
Note that uint is replaced with its canonical representation uint256.

0xa5643bf27e2786816613d3eeb0b62650200b5a98766dfcfd4428f296fb56d043

Slice the left 4 bytes.

0xa5643bf2

Parameters

In the order of: “iLoc > Len > Value”

The Final Encoding with Concatenating All

0xa5643bf2 # Function Selector

0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000060 # 1st Param iLoc : 96 bytes
0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 # 2nd Param Value : true 
0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0 # 3rd Param iLoc : 160 bytes
0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004 # 1st Param Len : 4 bytes
0x6461766500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 # 1sst Param Value : "dave"
0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003 # 3rd Params Len : 3 items
0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 # 3rd Param Value (item 0) : 1
0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 # 3rd Param Value (item 1) : 2
0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003 # 3rd Param Value (item 2) : 3

# Concat
0xa5643bf20000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000060000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000464617665000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003

CASE STUDY: Who are the Top 10 Recipients of USDT “approve” Functions?

According to ERC-20 Interface, it is possible to delegate the permission to use a specific token (the authority to transfer the token, specifically) to a particular account using the “approve” function. This permission is frequently requested, particularly in DeFi platforms. In this case study, I aim to aggregate and analyze the top 10 accounts that people commonly delegate their USDT through “approve” function.

Function Selector

approve(address,uint256) → Keccak-256 Hash

0x095ea7b334ae44009aa867bfb386f5c3b4b443ac6f0ee573fa91c4608fbadfba

Slice the left 4 bytes.

0x095ea7b3

Extract only the transactions that have called the “approve” function on the USDT Contract.

For more info about BYTEARRAY_STARTS_WITH Function, click here.

SELECT
    *
FROM
    ethereum.transactions
WHERE
    AND "to" = 0xdAC17F958D2ee523a2206206994597C13D831ec7 -- USDT ERC-20 Contract
    AND BYTEARRAY_STARTS_WITH(data, 0x095ea7b3) -- approve(address,uint256) Function Call

Extract the first argument value, “address”, from the functions.

For more info about BYTEARRAY_SUBSTRING Function, click here.

SELECT
    BYTEARRAY_SUBSTRING(
        BYTEARRAY_SUBSTRING(data, 5, 32),
        13,
        20
    ) AS approved_to
FROM
    ethereum.transactions
WHERE
    AND "to" = 0xdAC17F958D2ee523a2206206994597C13D831ec7 -- USDT ERC-20 Contract
    AND BYTEARRAY_STARTS_WITH(data, 0x095ea7b3) -- approve(address,uint256) Function Call

Now, aggregate the number of unique addresses that executed “approve” function, grouped by each “approve” recipient, over the past week.

SELECT
    BYTEARRAY_SUBSTRING(
        BYTEARRAY_SUBSTRING(data, 5, 32),
        13,
        20
    ) AS approved_to,
    COUNT(DISTINCT "from") AS approved_from_cnt
FROM
    ethereum.transactions
WHERE
    CAST(block_date AS DATE) >= DATE_ADD('DAY', -7, CURRENT_DATE) -- Recent 7 Days
    AND "to" = 0xdAC17F958D2ee523a2206206994597C13D831ec7 -- USDT ERC-20 Contract
    AND BYTEARRAY_STARTS_WITH(data, 0x095ea7b3) -- approve(address,uint256) Function Call
GROUP BY
    1

Label the “approve” recipient addresses based on Dune Tables regarding “address labeling”.

Looking at the original address values alone does not provide any meaningful information, as y’all know here.

WITH
CTE_approves AS (

    SELECT
        BYTEARRAY_SUBSTRING(
            BYTEARRAY_SUBSTRING(data, 5, 32),
            13,
            20
        ) AS approved_to,
        COUNT(DISTINCT "from") AS approved_from_cnt
    FROM
        ethereum.transactions
    WHERE
        CAST(block_date AS DATE) >= DATE_ADD('DAY', -7, CURRENT_DATE) -- Recent 7 Days
        AND "to" = 0xdAC17F958D2ee523a2206206994597C13D831ec7 -- USDT ERC-20 Contract
        AND BYTEARRAY_STARTS_WITH(data, 0x095ea7b3) -- approve(address,uint256) Function Call
    GROUP BY
        1
)

SELECT
    MAIN.approved_to,
    COALESCE(
        SUB1.dex_name || ' - ' || SUB1.distinct_name,
        SUB2.project || ' - ' || SUB2.project_type,
        SUB3.bridge_name || ' - ' || SUB3.description,
        SUB4.cex_name || ' - ' || SUB4.distinct_name,
        'Unknown'
    ) AS name,
    MAIN.approved_from_cnt AS addresses_cnt
FROM
    CTE_approves MAIN
LEFT JOIN
    addresses_ethereum.dex SUB1 -- DEX named addresses
    ON MAIN.approved_to = SUB1.address
LEFT JOIN
    addresses_ethereum.defi SUB2 -- DeFi named addresses
    ON MAIN.approved_to = SUB2.address
LEFT JOIN
    addresses_ethereum.bridges SUB3 -- Bridge named addresses
    ON MAIN.approved_to = SUB3.address
LEFT JOIN
    addresses_ethereum.cex SUB4 -- CEX named addresses
    ON MAIN.approved_to = SUB4.address
ORDER BY
    3 DESC
LIMIT
    10
;

The Final Query Results

Let’s Conclude!

So far, we have delved into Ethereum’s ABI Specification, learned how data is encoded when transactions call contract functions, and understood how to extract meaningful insights by decoding specific function names and arguments from Ethereum transactions data.

In fact, Dune Analytics, Etherscan, and many other on-chain data platforms all incorporate these decoding processes internally.

Hopefully this article will serve as an excellent foundation for your future, more detailed and complex on-chain data analysis endeavors.

Love from,

👤 Joshua Kim

👔 Data Analyst
🎓 Master in Data Science
🎓 Bachelor in Finance
🎓 Bachelor in Philosophy
📧 joshua.kim@crossangle.io
🌎 LinkedIn
⚫ Medium

🌐 REFERENCES

⭐ Contract ABI Specification
📝 OpenZeppelin Docs
🟠 Dune Analytics

🎤 Speaking @Ethcon Korea 2023

📽️ Youtube Video Clip (6:19:30)

Intro to Encoding & Decoding Ethereum Contract Functions

Argument Types Key Content

1. Elementary Types

2. Fixed-size Types

3. Dynamic-size Types

Key Points of Argument Padding to 32 Bytes Rules

Contract Example

Given the Contract:

`1. How to Call baz(uint32 x, bool y)`

Function Selector

`2. How to Call bar(bytes3[2])`

`3. How to Call sam(bytes, bool, uint[])`

CASE STUDY: Who are the Top 10 Recipients of USDT “approve” Functions?

Function Selector

Extract only the transactions that have called the “approve” function on the USDT Contract.

Extract the first argument value, “address”, from the functions.

Now, aggregate the number of unique addresses that executed “approve” function, grouped by each “approve” recipient, over the past week.

Label the “approve” recipient addresses based on Dune Tables regarding “address labeling”.

The Final Query Results

Let’s Conclude!

👤 Joshua Kim

🌐 REFERENCES

🎤 Speaking @Ethcon Korea 2023

Written by Joshua Kim

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